INDEX
Abandonment, 247
          after lawful stop, 256
          after unlawful order, 252
          after unlawful stop, 252
          before submitting to unlawful exercise of authority, 249
          before unlawful detention, 249
          consent search, 256
          flight, 249-251
          lawful stop, 256
          officer using car door to stop defendant, 253
          officer yelling to stop, 252
          passenger in vehicle, 254
          repossession after abandonment, 248
          submission to authority, 249
          submission to order to remove hands from pocket, 253, 254
          submission to order to stop, 249
          submission to police order, 252
          test, 247
          throwing item off hotel balcony, 255
          unlawful stop of vehicle, 252, 253
          vehicle, 248
          voluntary abandonment, 247
Affidavits for search warrants 58
          informants, 60
          conclusory statements, 66
          confidential informants, 64
          consistent with noncriminal activity, 67
          continuing pattern , 69, 70
          continuous monitoring, 67
          defective information, 65
          duty of reviewing court, 58, 59
          hearsay, 58, 67
          information found in garbage can, 69
          material in garbage, 70
          misrepresentations, 65
          no attesting seal, 66
          omissions, 65
          scrivener's error, 75
          staleness, 68
          standard of review , 58
          sufficiency of jurat, 66
          swearing before judge, 66
          task of issuing magistrate, 59
          time of events, 69
          totality of the circumstances, 67
          unverified second or third-hand source, 61
          validity, 58
Arrest
          back-up officer, 306, 307
          conduct consistent with noncriminal activity, 205
          confidential informant, 204
          different jurisdictions, 309
          dog's alert, 181
          elements provided by private citizen, 306
          fellow officer rule, 304, 305, 307
          informant, 205
          odor of drugs alone, 197
          odor of drugs combined with other facts, 197
          off-duty officer, 310
          off-duty officer call for assistance, 308
Bicycle
          no headlight, 335
Citizen's arrest, 312, 351
          belief that person has committed felony, 353
          breach of peace, 352
          citizen's investigative stop, 352
          civil infraction , 352
          DUI, 353
          erratic driving , 353
          felony, 352
          intent to arrest, 353
          limitations, 352
          outside jurisdiction, 312, 353
          reckless driving, 353
Consensual encounter, 28
          a "request", 30
          approaching a parked car , 37
          asking defendant to talk, 40
          asking questions, 38
          context, 34
          definition , 29
          delay, 28
          delay to check identification, 28
          factors to consider, 30
          grabbing defendant's hand, 20, 40
          inquiry about involvement in crime, 40
          inquiry about vehicle, 37
          inquiry as to what was in defendant's hand, 37
          Miranda rights , 40
          order to exit vehicle, 17
          ordering defendant to come over and talk, 37
          patdown, 21, 36
          questioning, 36
          questions of vehicle occupant, 36
          request for identification, 36, 38
          request to exit vehicle, 17
          request to remove hands from pocket, 18, 24, 38, 40
          request to see license, 37
          restrictions on officer’s conduct, 30
          running from officer, 39
          test for whether there is a consensual encounter , 29
          totality of the circumstances, 34
Consent, 220
          advising of right to refuse, 222, 223
          airport, 237
          allowing officers to enter, 238
          area of house, 243
          authority, 225
          authority of a minor, 225
          blood samples, 238
          board of directors , 235
          burden of proof, 221
          canine unit, 245
          closed container, 241, 244, 245
          coercive setting, 237
          common authority, 226
          container, 246
          crotch or groin area, 242
          deception or trick, 239
          destruction of property, 244
          driver of vehicle, 233
          duty to advise of right to refuse, 237
          duty to advise of rights, 240
          factors, 239
          genital areas, 242
          given during illegal detention, 223
          grandmother, 236
          hair samples, 238
          handcuffed, 223, 237
          hotel manager, 233
          implied consent, 239, 240
          joint occupants, 225, 226
          landlord, 233
          minor, 225, 226, 232
          Miranda warnings, 224
          motel, 226, 228
          motel manager, 233
          motel security guard, 233
          mother of adult , 233
          multiple searches, 244
          narcotics detecting dog, 244, 245
          need for probable cause, 220
          need for reasonable suspicion, 220
          object taped to person, 237
          objection by joint occupant, 225
          officer asked if defendant minded the search, 241
          passenger on carrier, 238
          passenger seated on a bus, 221
          passenger's property, 246
          pocket, 245
          reasonable person: meaning, 238
          reading of Miranda rights, 223
          reentry, 243
          scope of consent, 241
          spouse's consent, 226, 239
          standards for judging authority, 226
          taint by unlawful police conduct , 241
          test for determining consent, 225
          totality of the circumstances, 238
          train sleeping compartment, 238
          types of relationships, 233
          unclear response, 239
          unknown person, 226, 228
          unlawful police activity, 222
          vehicle, 243
          voluntariness, 236
          wallet, 244
          withdrawn, 236
Custody
          words used , 37
Defendant's initial burden, 13
          search and\ or seizure of person or property, 14
          warrant was required, 13
Electronic interception
          cell phones, 374
          statutory test, 374
Exceptions to exclusionary rule, 353
          both defendant and officer mistaken, 367
          computer error, 359, 360
          defective affidavit, 354, 355
          defective warrant, 357
          errors involving jurat, 366
          execution of warrant, 358
          fellow officer rule, 359-362
          good faith, 354
          impeachment, 372
          independent source, 371
          inevitable discovery doctrine, 367
          invalid ordinance, 358, 359
          invalid statute, 357
          knowledge of law enforcement community, 359
          miscellaneous applications, 366
          misinformation provided by division of license agent, 363
          mistake as to authority, 366
          mistake as to probable cause, 366
          mistake as to law, 366
          mistake by court clerk, 360
          mistake by non-law enforcement staff, 360
          mistake in making arrest, 367
          unreliable informant, 355
          void or nonexistent warrant, 357
          wiretaps, 358
Exclusionary rule
          appropriateness of remedy, 2
          driving record, 2
          evidence of battery on LEO, 2
          fact of arrest, 2
          identity, 3
          legally derivative, 2
          parole proceeding, 4
          prestop observations, 2
          probation hearing, 4
          where is it used, 4
Execution of Warrant
          actual entry, 79
          arrest warrant for co-occupant, 86
          civilian participation, 76, 77
          curtilage, 88
          detention of occupants , 85
          entry by deception, 79, 80
          entry into yard, 80
          exceptions to knock and announce requirements, 80
          failure to leave copy, 76
          films, 87
          forcible unannounced entry, 78, 79
          knock and announce law, 78
          multiple dwellings, 87
          no-knock search warrants, 79
          officers from other jurisdiction, 76
          open door, 79
          opening screen door, 81
          particularity requirement, 87
          parts of single structure, 87
          people on premises, 82-84
          persons and property on the premises, 82
          reasonable basis for fear that a weapon might be used, 80
          scope of search, 87, 88
          small amount of drugs in dwelling, 81
          vehicles on premises, 82, 84
Exigent circumstances , 256
          continuing episode, 264
          created by police officers, 257
          destruction of evidence, 258
          emergency or dangerous situation, 260
          end of exigency, 264
          entry by second group of officers after exigency has ended, 264
          escape, 257
          factors indicating exigent circumstances, 257
          hot pursuit, 257
          imminent destruction of evidence, 257
          multiple entries, 264
          probable cause, 256
          reasonable belief that an emergency exists, 260
          risk of danger, 257
          warrantless entry into a home, 257
Expectation of privacy, 43
          abandoned vehicle, 55
          abandoned premises, 53
          airline passengers, 54
          anyone legitimately on premises, 57
          back of a police car, 54, 55
          backyard, 49, 50, 52
          bathroom at probation center, 55
          blood test for HIV, 55, 372
          boarding house, 52
          codefendant's rights, 46, 55
          common areas of boarding house, 51
          cordless telephone, 52
          curtilage, 46, 50
          doorway, 55
          dormitory room, 52
          dressing room in a commercial establishment, 52
          duffle bag, 54
          factors to consider, 57
          front porch, 55
          garage, 54
          garbage can placed at road side, 54, 56
          hotel or motel room, 48
          invited guest, 48
          jail cell, 54
          knowingly exposing object or activity, 44
          left in a hospital safe, 47
          lessor of premises, 48
          limited business guests, 57
          motel room, 52
          motorboat, 48
          not required to challenge seizure, 43
          occasional visitor, 53
          office desk drawer, 48
          open field, 51
          overnight guest, 54, 57
          packages, 50
          parked car in public, 54
          passenger, 47, 48, 53
          plastic garbage bag placed at road side, 54
          previously opened and resealed container, 56
          previously opened and resealed package, 56
          property in a hospital room, 47
          property principles, 43
          public restroom, 48, 49
          public telephone booth, 52
          screened porch in back yard, 49
          showing required to challenge search, 43
          sleeping compartment on a train, 48
          stolen car, 48, 53
          students, 44
          sublessee of a bedroom, 48
          subpoena for prints or handwriting exemplars, 54
          test, 46
          toilet stall, 48, 49, 54, 55
          unlocked apartment building, 51
          unlocked boarding house, 51
Fellow officer rule, 359
Florida's constitutional right to privacy , 372
          cordless phone, 374
          effect on other constitutional provisions, 374
          electronic interceptions, 373
          standards, 372
Good faith exception
          allegations in affidavit as to confidential informant, 356
          both defendant and officer mistaken, 367
          collective knowledge doctrine, 360
          computer error, 359-361
          defective warrant, 357
          deficiency in affidavit , 354
          errors involving jurat, 366
          execution of warrant, 358
          fellow officer rule, 359, 361-362
          knowledge of law enforcement community, 359
          invalid ordinance or statute, 357-358
          miscellaneous applications, 366
          mistake as to probable cause, 366
          mistake by court clerk, 360
          mistake in sheriff's database, 365
          overbroad warrant, 357
          suspended license, 363
          unreliable informant, 355
          wiretaps, 358
          void or nonexistent warrant, 357
Government action, 41
Hearing on suppression
          admissibility of hearsay, 2
Home intrusion, 280
          arrest set in motion in public, 281
          felony , 281
          misdemeanors, 283
          need for warrant, 281
          observations from adjoining property, 286
          prevention of entry, 281
          rule, 281
          statements outside of home , 286
Impeachment, 372
Incidental to arrest, 179
          concealed firearm, 197
          definition of arrest , 179
          delay after stop, 191
          elements of arrest, 179
          fellow officer doctrine, 186, 187
          fellow officer rule, 194
          informant, 197
          mistake, 183, 186
          obstructing, 196
          officer's oath, 193
          ordinance, 193
          probable cause, 180
          proximity to suspect, 188
          time of search, 216
          trespass, 190, 191
Incidental to lawful arrest
          anonymous tip, 204
          arrest at home , 217
          assisting officer , 207
          back-up officer, 207
          change in charge by state , 215
          definition of probable cause, 203
          example of probable cause, 203
          F.H.P. troopers, 215
          fellow officer rule on traffic offense, 212
          forfeiture, 215
          fresh pursuit, 212-213
          interfering with a drug operation, 199
          lawful authority, 207
          loitering and prowling, 208
          marine patrol officers, 208
          minor offense, 211
          misdemeanor, 207, 213
          misdemeanor not in officer's presence, 208
          notice to appear, 208, 210
          officer's mistake, 216
          ordinances, 207, 209
          outside jurisdiction, 212-214
          place of arrest, 216
          rationale for exception, 180
          remoteness, 216
          road guard special officers, 213
          search of motel room based on arrest outside room, 217
          scope of search, 217
          time of search, 215
          traffic citations, 209
          traffic offenses, 207
          unconstitutional ordinance , 210
          void warrant, 213
          warrantless arrest for traffic offenses, 208
Independent source rule, 371
          basis for warrant, 371
Inevitable discovery rule
          burden of proof, 369
          knock and announce law, 368
          involuntary consent, 371
          lawful arrest on unrelated charge, 370
          speculation, 369-370
          test, 367, 369
Informants, 60
          a disinterested bystander, 60
          affiant's personal knowledge of reliability of informant, 61
          an eye witness, 60
          citizen informant, 63
          citizen who would be exposed to criminal liability , 60, 63
          controlled buy, 61, 62, 69
          corroboration, 61
          good faith, 61
          known informant, 61
          presumption of veracity, 60
          statements against penal interests, 60
          sufficiency of information, 60-62, 64
          totality of the circumstances, 62
          unwitting informant, 61
          veracity, 60
          victim, 60
Inicidental to arrest
          juvenile court warrant, 182
          void or nonexistent warrant, 180
Inventory, 276
Inventory search
          containers, 338
          standards, 337
Investigatory stop, 92
          aggressive attitude, 145
          all persons in the immediate vicinity of a known crime, 93
          anonymous tip, 113, 124, 132-134
          area of past criminal activity, 158
          asking for rolling papers, 146
          based on articulable facts, 92
          belief that defendant lied, 159
          BOLO, 133
          by private citizen, 313
          child away from school, 45, 155, 280
          citizen informant, 121-127, 129
          citizen informants, 132
          concealment of baggie, 109
          confidential informant, 136, 137
          definition of reasonable suspicion, 93
          detail, 131
          detention of luggage, 178, 179
          driving slowly, 110
          drug activity, 96
          drug dealing conduct , 103
          DUI , 141
          evasive action, 111
          exchange, 100-107, 110, 146
          extent of detention, 177
          factors, 95
          fellow officer doctrine, 134
          fleeing, 96, 111
          furtive movement, 151
          gathering in drug area, 110
          gender, 108
          guns drawn, 177-179
          handcuffing, 177, 179
          high crime area, 96-97
          high crime area plus concealment of baggie , 109
          holding cash, 146
          informant, 136, 137, 205
          informant at scene, 135
          innocent conduct, 94, 150
          knowledge of numerous suspensions, 154
          known confidential informant, 133
          known informant, 116, 117
          lack of independent evidence, 134
          loitering and prowling, 155
          many officers, 177
          misdemeanor, 92
          nature of determination, 93
          nervous behavior, 96
          non-criminal traffic violation, 92
          noncriminal activity, 143
          observation near site of disturbance, 155
          off duty officer as citizen informant, 126
          officer as private citizen, 313
          officer may take reasonable action, 172
          officer's mistake as to law, 297
          outside jurisdiction, 214
          presence with law breakers , 154
          previously burglarized structure, 110
          proximity to stolen vehicle, 160
          race, 108
          racial factors, 148
          reasonable cause to believe person is armed , 161
          reasonable caution, 93
          reasonable suspicion, 92
          reliable BOLO, 92
          report of criminal activity, 153
          request for identification, 164
          restraining defendant, 179
          school children, 45, 155
          scope, 177
          scope of search, 161
          similarity of appearance, 155
          stop to issue traffic infraction, 178
          sudden movement combined with other knowledge, 151
          suspected trespass, 92
          suspicion of car theft, 149
          time of detention, 178, 179
          tip, 112
          totality of the circumstances, 94
          traffic infraction, 309
          trespass, 156
          u-turn, 295
          unusal driving, 296
          use of a profile, 152
          use of a vehicle, 139
          vehicle, 93
          vehicle search, 161
          victim as informant, 125, 130
          walking in a high crime area, 109
Lawfulness of arrest
          erroneous information on police computer, 186
          loitering not occurring in officer's presence, 208
Motion to suppress
          content, 1
          delay in filing, 7
          delay in hearing, 7
          failure to comply with pretrial order, 5
          timeliness, 5
Motions in Limine, 375
Motions to Suppress
          presumptions, 9
Motor vehicle stops
          conduct unrelated to traffic violations, 289
          delay by asking questions, 343
          DUI, 290-294
          erratic driving, 294
          improper change of course, 304
          improper turn, 304
          noise statute, 289
          obstructing traffic, 302
          squeeling tires, 294
          unsafe starting, 303
          unsual driving, 293
Motor vehicles, 286
          arrest without warrant, 304
          authority to arrest, 304
          blocking traffic, 334
          broken tail light , 296
          check behind panel, 321
          check of license and registration, 290
          closed business, 298
          combination of bad driving, 332
          concealed firearm , 343
          cracked tail light, 297
          cracked tailllight lens, 330
          cracked windshield, 300, 335
          crossing grass median, 302
          crossing over center line, 328
          crossing over line, 292, 293, 296
          crossing over line , 292
          defective windshield wiper, 335
          driving across median, 329
          driving too slowly, 296
          driving without light, 298
          driving without lights, 298
          duration of detention, 339
          equipment defects, 330
          equipment malfunction, 297
          erratic driving, 298, 301
          expired license, 299
          expired tag, 327
          failure to dim high beams, 290
          failure to give turn signal, 298
          fleeing , 290
          forced exit of driver, 322
          forced exit of occupants, 322  
          forced exit of passenger, 323
          forcing object from mouth, 340
          hatchback, 318
          high beam lights on, 333
          inoperable brake light, 328
          inoperable taillight, 328
          inoperable turn signal, 299, 328
          inventory searches, 336
          malfunctioning equipment, 300, 301
          marijuana seeds , 289, 318
          marine patrol officer, 290
          misdemeanor , 319
          missing rear window, 333
          missing taillight lens, 332
          narcotics detecting dog, 290, 322
          nature of detention, 339
          no valid license, 297, 298
          obscured validation sticker, 327
          odor of marijuana, 289
          parking, 300
          pretextual stops, 323
          rear window, 301
          reasonable belief person is armed, 321, 322
          reasonable suspicion , 287
          recent occupant, 318
          registration violation, 300
          request to see registration, 342
          right hand turn without signal, 334
          roadblock for nontraffic purposes, 350
          roadblocks, 343
          running a stop sign, 328
          scope of search, 314
          search incidental to a lawful arrest, 318
          search of containers , 315
          search of containers based on probable cause , 314
          search of passenger's person, 314
          search of passenger's property, 314, 319
          search of vehicle based on probable cause, 314
          slow driving, 291, 297
          speeding, 328
          stop for non traffic related conduct, 289
          stop for traffic violation, 289
          stop for unusal driving, 289
          suspended license, 299
          tag, 329
          tag light defects, 332
          tag violation, 299, 300
          taillights, 302
          temporary tags, 298, 300
          time of warrantless search, 288
          tinted windshields, 329
          traveling below posted speed limit, 332
          traveling far below the speed limit, 328
          unlighted headlamps, 332
          unusual behavior, 334
          unusual driving, 331
          use of narcotics dog, 340-343
          warrantless search, 287
          weaving within lane, 290, 291
Open fields doctrine, 265
Open view, 265
Pat down
          based on tip, 173
          bulge, 166, 174, 176
          bulge and traffic stop , 166
          bulge in pocket, 166
          consensual encounter, 166
          drug dealers, 171
          drug offense, 172
          evidence of a crime, 170
          examples of sufficient information, 165
          feeling unidentified object, 177
          fellow officer doctrine, 167
          furtive movement, 174
          furtive movements, 165
          grounds, 161
          high crime area, 163
          immediately apparent contraband, 269
          informant as to drug deals, 173
          information provided by informant, 173
          interviewing murder suspect, 172
          loose jacket, 174
          meaning of "probable cause", 161, 162
          metallic sound in purse, 175
          narcotics, 172
          nature of crime, 171
          nervous demeanor, 174, 176
          officer creates danger , 163
          ordinance, 193
          pattern of odd behavior, 166
          pocket search, 165
          presence in high narcotics area, 172
          probable cause to believe defendant is armed, 164
          reasonable cause to believe person is armed , 161
          reasonable suspicion defendant is armed, 165
          routine practice, 163, 164
          routine safety measure, 164
          rules, 161
          scope of search, 162
          search after determining object not weapon, 170
          search for evidence, 169, 170
          seizure nonthreatening object, 168
          seizure of contraband, 169
          seizure of object in mouth, 175
          seizure of syringe, 175
          specific examples, 173
          standing in high crime area, 175
          suspicious movements, 174
          tip, 173
          tip that subject is armed, 173
          type of crime , 171
          violent crime, 172
Plain feel , 271, 272
          squeezing items, 273
Plain view, 265
          container, 269
          discovery during pat down, 269
          drugs, 275
          evidence of a crime, 270
          execution of a search warrant, 275
          gun, 270, 271
          immediately apparent, 269
          inadvertent discovery, 266
          keys, 276
          lawful right of access to object, 276
          looking in container, 270
          nature of doctrine, 265
          obscene films, 270
          officer's experience, 271
          officers' location, 267
          public restroom, 268
          reasonable cause to believe the object was contraband or evidenc, 268
          requirements, 265
          turning over object, 270
          search based on exigent circumstances, 268
          shining a light, 267
          using a flashlight, 270
Pretextual stops
          changes in law , 323
          post Whren, 327
          pre Kehoe, 330
          pre Whren & post Kehoe, 330
Privacy
          garbage cans, 52
Private action, 41
Probable cause
          based on any sense, 180
          bent beverage can, 199
          concealed firearm, 195
          confidential informant, 204
          confidential informants, 203
          definition, 198
          domestic battery, 192
          drugs in mouth, 190
          exigent circumstances necessitating immediate action, 200
          fellow officer doctrine, 186, 187
          fellow officer rule, 194
          informant, 192, 197
          narcotics detector dog, 180
          noncriminal activity, 198
          objective standard, 184
          officer's experience, 184, 185
          officer's training, 197
          opaque containers, 180
          opaque object, 189
          possession of narcotics, 181
          presence near drugs, 183
          proximity to drugs, 181, 182
          reckless driving, 188
          rolling papers, 183
          unconcealed gun, 189
          unconcealed knife, 189
          youth protection, 199
Probable cause
          citizen informant, 201
          exchange of items, 200
          fellow officer doctrine, 187, 188
          loitering and prowling, 202
          odor of marijuana, 197, 201
          training and experience of officer, 200
Probable cause for arrest
          loitering and prowling, 202
          odor of marijuana , 201
Probationer, 89
Procedure
          admissibility of hearsay, 2
          credibility, 5
          delay in filing, 7
          delay in hearing, 7
          hearing during trial, 5
          insufficient motion, 8
          preparation of orders, 8
          preservation of issue, 9
          reconsideration, 7
          resolution of reasonable doubt, 2
          standard of review, 8
          steps at hearing, 8
          time for hearing motion, 5, 7
          U.S. Supreme Court decisions, 7
Reasonable suspicion
          anonymous tip, 134
          bulge, 166
          citizen informant, 63, 122, 123, 201
          drug dealing conduct, 103
          fellow officer rule, 134
Review of motion to suppress
          standard, 9
Roadblocks
          constitutional concerns, 344
          detention status, 343
          intrusion, 350
          necessity of guidelines, 346-348
          nontraffic enforcement, 350
          safety, 350
          standards, 344, 346
Search
          a blood-alcohol test, 17
          a breath test, 17
          bulge , 165
          compelled taking and testing of urine, 18
          dusting for prints, 16
          identity, 3
          inquiry concerning the contents of container, 19
          looking in vehicle with flashlight, 16
          looking through magnifying glass, 16
          manipulation of bag, 14
          order that defendant stand up, 16, 18
          order to open fists, 16
          order to remove something from pocket, 15, 16, 27
          order to spit object out, 16, 17
          testing property with chemical, 16
          thermal or infrared devices, 18
          using flashlight, 16
          voluntary withdrawal of item, 16
Search & Seizure
          fact finding, 12
          failure to give Miranda, 13
          fellow officer rule, 365
          forced entry for misdemeanor, 284
          forced entry into home, 284
          informants, 64
          presumptions, 9
          schools, 279
          searches incidental to in-home arrests, 218
          standard of review, 9
Search incident to arrest
          elements of arrest, 180
          probable cause, 201
Search warrants
          execution, 87
          false material in affidavit, 73
          good faith, 75
          material omitted from affidavit, 73
          sufficiency, 74
Seizure
          a "request", 30
          air horn, 22
          automobile stop, 19
          blocking defendant's path, 18, 21-23
          car behind defendant, 16
          confinement in back of cruiser, 17
          copying of movie onto blank cassette, 20
          drug investigation on street, 26
          emergency lights, 22, 23
          grabbing defendant's hand, 20, 21, 24
          interrogation relating to one's identity, 36
          order to exit vehicle, 15, 17, 19
          order to remove hands from pocket, 17, 18, 23, 25
          order to spit object out, 18, 24
          order to step into patrol car, 24
          ordering defendant to open his hand, 23
          ordering defendant to put hands on hood, 26
          ordering defendant to turn off motor and produce license, 20
          patdown, 21
          placing hands on defendant, 17
          preventing bicycle from moving, 27
          questioning, 27
          request for identification, 16, 36
          request to remove hands from pocket, 24, 25
          search lights, 22
          securing premises to get a warrant, 27, 286
          stopping vehicle in front of defendant, 16
          submission to authority, 14, 15
          submission to order to stop, 15
          subpoena for prints or handwriting exemplars, 16
          takedown lights, 22
          threatening to have dog attack if person does not stop, 25
          touching defendant's body, 27
          unheeded instruction to stop, 15
          using cruiser door to stop defendant, 19
Standing
          see expectation of privacy, 43
Stop for traffic infraction
          officer as private citizen, 313
          stop bar, 296
          u-turn, 295
Student
          detention to transport to school, 279
          expectation of privacy, 278
          involved in school activity, 277
          non law enforcement personnel doing search, 278
          on school property, 277
          possession of gun, 278
          standards for search, 278
Student involved in school activity, 277
Student on school property, 277
Suppression
          grounds, 1
Suppression hearing
          admissibility of hearsay, 2
Trial
          fact finding, 12
Violations of probation
          exclusionary rule, 5, 90
Warrant, 72
          arrest warrant, 85
          attaching affidavit, 70, 72
          burden on state, 70
          citizen informant, 63
          correction of warrant by officer, 72
          defects, 70
          duty of reviewing court, 59
          identification of premises, 72
          length of detention, 85
          nature of the case, 71
          particularity requirement, 71, 72
          property constituting relevant evidence of crime , 71
          property used to commit any crime, 71
          staleness, 68, 75
Warrant requirement
          exceptions, 1